The Foreign Service Journal, June 2005

of all nuclear weapons from Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus, thereby turning the countries with the third-, fourth- and eighth-largest nuclear arsenals into nuclear weapons-free nations. Nunn and Lugar have traveled extensively in Russia to build support for weapons dismantlement, highlight new nonproliferation projects, and share ideas with officials and technicians. In 2002, Sen. Lugar issued a “Lugar Top Ten List” outlining 10 urgent goals for future disarmament efforts, including accelerating chemical weapons destru c- tion and securing biological pathogens in the former Soviet Union. That year he also intro- duced the Nunn-Lugar Expan- sion Act, intended to facilitate Defense Department nonprolif- eration projects outside the for- mer Soviet Union. That legisla- tion passed and was signed into law in 2004. In August 2004, Sen. Lugar gave a speech to the National P ress Club titled, “Nunn-Lugar in an Election Year.” In it, he outlined a dozen WMD nonpro- liferation challenges for the next p residential term. During his first chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1985-1986), Sen. Lugar was instrumental in promoting democracy around the world. He played a pivotal role in the 1986 Philippines election that brought Corazon Aquino to power. As the head of an American election observer team, he recognized her as the legitimate winner and spotlighted the corrupt activi- ties of supporters of former President Ferdinand Marcos — ultimately convincing President Reagan to back Aquino. He also led the Senate eff o rt to secure passage of the Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, which imposed eco- nomic and political sanctions on South Africa. More recently, he was the original author of the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which promotes trade and encour- ages African countries to integrate into the global econo- my. Sen. Lugar played a key role in ratification of the START I, START II and INF treaties and the Chemical Weapons Convention. He was an early supporter of NATO enlarg e- ment, and he helped usher in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic as newmembers in 1998. He was also one of the leading supporters of the second round of NATO expansion in 2002. Sen. Lugar’s 1988 book, Letters to the Next President , remains a primer of basic principles of presidential leader- ship in foreign policy, discussing such watershed events as the Philippines elections, the South Africa sanctions debate, and the implementation of the Reagan Doctrine. (Originally published by Simon & Schuster, the book was revised and reissued by Authorhouse in 2004.) . Early Career Richard Green Lugar was born April 4, 1932, in Indianapolis. He was the oldest of three children of Marvin and Bertha Lugar. An Eagle Scout, he graduated first in his class at both Shortridge High School, in Indianapolis, and Denison University, in Granville, Ohio. At Denison, he was co-president of the student gov- ernment with his future wife, Charlene Smeltzer. The two wed on Sept. 8, 1956. They have four grown children — Mark, Robert, John and David — and nine grandchildren. In 1954 Lugar went on to Pembroke College, Oxford Uni- versity, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he received an honors degree in politics, philosophy and economics. A member of Phi Beta Kappa, he has been awarded 38 honorary doctorate degrees from colleges and universities in 13 states and the District of Columbia. Lugar volunteered for the U.S. Navy in 1956 and served as an officer from 1957 until 1960, ultimately being assigned as the intelligence briefer for Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations. Upon leaving the Navy, he returned to Indianapolis where he ran, with his brother Tom, the fami- ly’s food machinery manufacturing business. In 1963, Lugar was elected to the Indianapolis School Board, where he worked for voluntary public school desegregation and promoted the Shortridge Plan, a fore- runner of the magnet school concept. In 1967 he was elected mayor of Indianapolis. As a two-term mayor (1968-1975), he envisioned the unification of the city and surrounding Marion County into one government. Unigov, as his plan was called, revitalized the downtown area and set the city on a path of uninterrupted economic growth. In 1971, he was elected to a term as president of the National League of Cities. (Lugar is one of only two current senators to have served on a school board, and he is the only senator with experience both as a school board member and as a mayor.) Lugar was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976. In 2000 he was re-elected to his fifth term. Journal Editor Steven Alan Honley interviewed Sen. Lugar by phone on April 8, 2005. J U N E 2 0 0 5 / F O R E I G N S E R V I C E J O U R N A L 19 “During my time in the Navy, I read the secrets of the nation at 2:30 in the morning and by 6:30 had put together a comprehensive briefing.” —Sen. Richard Lugar