The Foreign Service Journal, September 2004

(1859-1924) of North Carolina, con- sul for eight years in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Three other trained physi- cians selected as consuls by McKinley were Dr. George H. Jackson (b. 1877) of Connecticut, who was assigned first to Cognac, France, then quickly transferred to La Rochelle; Dr. Lemuel Walter Livingston (1861-1930) of Florida, consul for two decades in Cap Haitien, Haiti; and Dr. Henry Watson Furniss (1868- 1955) of Indiana, consul in Bahia, Brazil, until 1905, when he was named U.S. minister to Haiti. In addition, attorney Campbell L. Maxwell (d. 1920) of Ohio, first appointed consul in Santo Domingo in 1892 by President Harrison, was recalled to service in 1898 by McKinley and elevated to consul gen- eral, a title Maxwell retained for six years. There he replaced Grover Cleveland’s consul, African American attorney Archibald H. Grimké (1849-1930) of Massachusetts, who had stubbornly hoped to be retained by McKinley despite political differ- ences. Not all posts previously given black consuls received them again under McKinley, however. Santos, Brazil, where Henry C. Smith (dates not available) of Alabama had served for three years under Cleveland, went to a Caucasian applicant; likewise, Saint Paul de Loanda, Portuguese West Africa, where Henry Francis Downing (1846-1928) of New York had served for a year under Cleveland in the 1880s. And those who were selected sometimes had to settle for a second or third choice. Livingston, for example, had initially sought the consulship in Valparaiso, Chile, but adjusted well to Cap Haitien, where he served for more than two decades and remained until his death. A “Lily White” Resurgence After McKinley’s initial flurry of black diplomatic appointments — which also included New Jersey edu- cator William Frank Powell (1848- 1920), U.S. minister to Haiti and chargé d’affaires in Santo Domingo from 1897 to 1905, and North Carolina clergyman Owen Lun West Smith (1851-1920), U.S. minister to Liberia from 1898 to 1902 — the 74 F O R E I G N S E R V I C E J O U R N A L / S E P T E M B E R 2 0 0 4 After McKinley’s initial flurry of black diplomatic appointments, the emergence of the “lily white” Republican faction ended the surge.