THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | SEPTEMBER 2023 83 Cold War era to advance agendas. With Iran’s and Egypt’s support of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, these chapters seem especially relevant to current military actions. The second section explores the challenges of military diplomacy in contemporary contexts, with essays on hybrid warfare, Ukraine, Türkiye, the Netherlands, and the Pacific. Chapter 5 on hybrid warfare and chapter 6 on Ukraine show how Russia’s use of economic, political, informational, and military warfare in the 21st century culminated in its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. They also trace U.S. and European diplomacy and security assistance with Ukraine since the 1990s, including guarantees to protect Ukraine’s security and sovereignty if it relinquished its nuclear weapons. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç and Stallion Yang’s chapter on the Turkish-U.S. defense relationship in the 21st century is good background for people who want to understand more about why Türkiye held up Sweden’s membership in NATO for more than one year. Although Türkiye’s president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said the two issues were not linked, observers believe the opposition arose, in part, to Türkiye’s desire to have 40 U.S.-made F-16 fighter jets and modernization kits for its existing fleet. After Türkiye dropped its resistance to Sweden joining the alliance, the U.S. revived discussion on selling Ankara the jets—military diplomacy on display. Tucked into the chapter on attempts to gain or maintain influence in the Pacific is a case study on Palau—an essay anyone posted to that small country should read for a solid understanding of U.S.-Palau relations. Even if you have no plans to travel to the Pacific, Ambassador John T. Hennessey-Niland highlights the value to negotiation and engineering projects, also including the role of political-military advisers and military attachés at U.S. embassies. Despite the aforementioned hurdle, the chapters give readers a global cross section of historical and contemporary events and issues where military and diplomatic efforts both intersect and diverge. The first section of historical case studies includes a discussion of the Ottoman Empire’s arms purchases from the United States. Via a comparison between U.S. and German success in relationship development, Bestami Bilgiç shows that a piecemeal approach to dealing with countries can lead to a collapse in bilateral relations. David Campmier’s essay analyzing the failure of the Confederate States in the U.S. Civil War to get more international support for their efforts points to the importance of cultural knowledge in negotiations and how its leaders’ refusal to end or even moderate slavery led Britain to deny the economic and military support the Confederacy wanted. In the case study on the shah of Iran’s use of his country’s geopolitical position to obtain military equipment, Kyle Balzer shows that supplying military equipment cannot always persuade leaders to do what one would like. He argues that “military diplomacy can build strong relationships with partners and strengthen deterrence, but it can hardly bend allies to America’s worldview.” In his chapter on military aid to Egypt under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, James Bowden discusses the use of equipment as a carrot to achieve political aims, as well as the politics and geopolitical positioning that drove arms sales to Egypt in the 1970s and 1980s. Both essays show how countries used Soviet Union and U.S. fears of each other in the
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