The Foreign Service Journal, October 2005

60 F O R E I G N S E R V I C E J O U R N A L / O C T O B E R 2 0 0 5 Europe and Central Asia Norway: 5 (1937-2000) Switzerland: 5 (1953-2003) Luxembourg: 5 (1949-1985) Malta: 4 (1979-1997) Austria: 3 (1983-1997) Denmark: 3 (1933-1964) Estonia: 3 (1997-2004) Moldova: 3 (1992-2003) Female U.S. chiefs of mission have served twice in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Portugal and Turkmenistan, and only once in Great Britain, France, Italy, Albania, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus (as chargé d’ affaires for six months), Finland, East Germany, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Kosovo and Slovenia. The U.S. has never had a female ambassador assigned to Germany, Spain, Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Greece or Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia & Montenegro, Slovakia, Sweden, Tajikistan or Uzbekistan. Asia and the Pacific Micronesia: 5 (1990-2004) Burma: 4 (1979-2002) Laos: 4 (1983-2004) New Zealand: 4 (1979-1999) Papua New Guinea: 4 (1975-2000) Women have served as ambassador twice in Malaysia, the Marshall Islands, Brunei and Mongolia, and once in Australia, East Timor (as chargé d’affaires) and Fiji. Women have never been appointed as ambassador to China, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Laos, Cambodia or Vietnam. Western Hemisphere Barbados*: 6 (1969-2004) In the Western Hemisphere, women have served twice as ambassador to Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala and Suriname. Women have served as ambassador only once in the Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba (chief of U.S. Interests Section), Guyana, Haiti (as chargé d’affaires), Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. No woman has been named U.S. ambassador to Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Peru, Mexico or Uruguay. * Also accredited to Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts/Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Antigua, Barbuda. Africa Ghana: 4 (1974-2002) Madagascar: 4 (1986-2001) Mali: 4 (1976- 2002) Benin: 3 (1989-2000) Burundi: 3 (1980-1999) Cameroon: 3 (1977-1992) Kenya: 3 (1986-1996) Mozambique: 3 (1987-2003) Niger: 3 (1991-2002) Sierra Leone: 3 (1980-1992) Togo: 3 (1974-1997) Women have been appointed chief of mission/ambassador twice to Djibouti, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (one as chargé d’ affaires), Cote d’Ivoire, Senegal, Lesotho and Zambia. Women have served as ambassador only once in Angola, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, the Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon and Sao Tome/Principe, Guinea, Malawi, Mauritania, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). The first female ambassador was assigned to South Africa in 2004. No woman has served as ambassador to Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, nor to Botswana, Chad, Eritrea, Liberia, Mauritius, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania or Zimbabwe. Near East Area In the Middle East, women have served as ambassador twice in Algeria, Tunisia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, and once in Iraq, Morocco, Oman, Syria and Yemen. No woman has served as U.S. ambassador to Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya or Saudi Arabia. A woman has served once as consul general in Jerusalem. South Asia Nepal: 4 (1966-1993) In South Asia, women also have been posted twice as ambas- sador to Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. No woman has served as ambassador to India or Afghanistan. CHART 7 WHERE FEMALE AMBASSADORS ARE MOST FREQUENTLY ASSIGNED